^{International Conference and Expo on} Optometry and Vision Science October 20-22, 2016 Rome, Italy

Refractive errors occur when the shape of the eye prevents light from focusing directly on the retina. The length of the eyeball (longer or shorter), changes in the shape of the cornea, or aging of the lens can cause refractive errors. The most common symptom is blurred vision. Other symptoms may include double vision, haziness, glare or halos around bright lights, squinting, headaches, or eye strain. Glasses or contact lenses can usually correct refractive errors. Laser eye surgery may also be a possibility. According to Ophthalmic Lasers: A Global Industry Outlook available from Global Industry Analysts, the global market for ophthalmic Lasers will rise from $591.5 million in 2011 to $804 million by 2015, a compound annual growth rate of 7.65 percent.

Increased acceptance of refractive surgery as a safe and reliable procedure has been a significant driver of the market to date, and improvements in the LASIK procedure will ensure that refractive surgery remains a key market for ophthalmic lasers while laser-based cataract surgery becomes established.

Research in Optometry includes investigations in areas such as binocular disorders, low vision, ocular disease, geriatrics, pediatrics, and the effects of contact lens wear.

Basic research in Vision Science focuses on such disciplines as bioengineering, psychophysics, neurophysiology, visual neuroscience, molecular and cell biology, cell membrane biochemistry, biostatistics, robotics, contact lenses, spatial navigation, ocular infections, refractive development, corneal surface mapping, infant vision, computational vision, and 3D computer modeling.

These are usually happens to patients typically fall in two categories. Those who have excessive tear evaporation and those do not produce enough tears. The majority of people over age 40 experience some symptoms of Dry eye due to reduced tear production. Even women are more likely to develop dry eyes due to hormonal changes caused by Menopause, use or Oral Contraceptives and pregnancy. Certain medicines like pain relievers, Blood pressure medications, Antihistamines, Decongestants and Antidepressants can reduce the amount of tears produced in the eyes result in dry eyes. Blepharitis is chronic inflammatory diseases of the eyelids which can interrupt the production of tears and lead to evaporative dry eyes. Intake of Low Omega 3 fatty acids can lead to a decreased to lipid layer with faster tear evaporation and secondary dry eye issues.

Ophthalmic instruments aid in various ophthalmic procedures to treat the diseases. According to Ophthalmic Medical Devices, Diagnostics, and Surgical Equipment: Global Markets (HLC083B) from BCC Research, the global market was valued at nearly $16.9 billion in 2012, up from almost $15.3 billion in 2010.  The market is expected to reach $20.2 billion in 2017, an increase of nearly $3.4 billion during the forecast period and a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 3.7% from 2012 to 2017.

Markets in the United States are relatively steady and show moderate growth. The U.S. contact lens market in 2012 is estimated at $2.6 billion, accounting for 36% of worldwide sales.  The U.S. market is influenced by a variety of factors, including the stability of the economy, healthcare spending, product development, and availability and cost.  Sales for contact lenses in the United States are expected to grow at a rate of 3% annually, reaching $3 billion by 2017.

The European contact lens market is currently valued at $2.4 billion, reflecting slightly more than 33% of the $7.3 billion global market.  Key markets in Europe include Germany and the United Kingdom, where contact lens markets are well established.  Opportunities for growth remain in many Western European regions and the majority of Eastern Europe.  By 2017, the European contact lens market is projected to reach $2.8 billion, growing at a rate of 3% annually.

Systems to deliver medication predictably over time are not new to Optometry. The novel research refers to approaches, formulations, technologies and systems to achieve the desired therapeutic effect.

Advances in ophthalmic drug delivery systems such as Punctal Plugs, Ocular Therapeutix, Mati therapeutics (QLT) and gel-forming drops can be breakthrough in ophthalmic research and advance drug delivery system to maximize the therapeutic effect of a particular drug. Topical combination of corticosteroid & anti-infective agents, Drugs used in the treatment of allergic conjunctivitis, Oral & topical non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents (NSAIDs) and Retinoblastoma chemotherapy are few developed formulation to treat ophthalmic diseases.

The statistics of the statistics of ophthalmic surgery is increasing day by day with respect to the diseases and demands of the procedure. The global market was valued at nearly $16.9 billion in 2012, up from almost $15.3 billion in 2010.  The market is expected to reach $20.2 billion in 2017, an increase of nearly $3.4 billion during the forecast period and a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 3.7% from 2012 to 2017. is increasing day by day with respect to the diseases and demands of the procedure. The global market was valued at nearly $16.9 billion in 2012, up from almost $15.3 billion in 2010.  The market is expected to reach $20.2 billion in 2017, an increase of nearly $3.4 billion during the forecast period and a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 3.7% from 2012 to 2017.

Eye care technology is a steadily evolving field with the goal of improving global eye health. There are several new techniques and procedures that are gaining in popularity and may well become future standards in eye care. This technology is still relatively new, so not all surgeons have access to these methods.

Ocular motility should always be tested, especially when patients complain of double vision or physician’s suspect neurologic disease. First, the doctor should visually assess the eyes for deviations that could result from strabismus, extraocular muscle dysfunction, or palsy of the cranial nerves innervating the extraocular muscles. Saccades are assessed by having the patient move his or her eye quickly to a target at the far right, left, top and bottom. This tests for saccadic dysfunction whereupon poor ability of the eyes to "jump" from one place to another may impinge on reading ability and other skills, whereby the eyes are required to fixate and follow a desired object. The patient is asked to follow a target with both eyes as it is moved in each of the nine cardinal directions of gaze. The examiner notes the speed, smoothness, range and symmetry of movements and observes for unsteadiness of fixation. These nine fields of gaze test the extraocular muscles: inferior, superior, lateral and medial rectus muscles, as well as the superior and inferior oblique muscles.

It is an eye examination that can detect dysfunction in central and peripheral vision which may be caused by various medical conditions such as glaucoma, stroke, brain tumours or other neurological deficits. Visual field testing can be performed clinically by keeping the subject's gaze fixed while presenting objects at various places within their visual field. Simple manual equipment can be used such as in the tangent screen test or the Amsler grid. When dedicated machinery is used it is called a perimeter. The exam may be performed by a technician in one of several ways. The test may be performed by a technician directly, with the assistance of a machine, or completely by an automated machine. Machine based tests aid diagnostics by allowing a detailed printout of the patient's visual field.

Common problems of the visual field include scotoma, hemianopia, homonymous hemianopsia and bi temporal hemianopia.